Tamika is learning how to tie her shoes. Her father praises her for crossing the shoelaces. Then, he praises her again as she learns to form one end into a loop. Slowly, Tamika learns how to tie a bow with the laces. This reinforcing of small steps toward a desired behavior is called

What is known about the effects of meditation on pain perception?

a. Beliefs about meditation are mostly superstition. b. All forms of meditation have proven effective at reducing pain. c. Some forms of meditation such as MBSR are effective in controlling chronic pain. d. Meditation is not an effective method for controlling pain.

Following the rejection of his latest novel, Jahir experienced an inability to make some movements with his right hand. While he was unable to write, he could scratch and make other simple motions with his affected hand. Two weeks later, he was able to write again. What is unique about Jahir's case of conversion disorder?

A. Jahir had some ability to move his hand. B. Jahir is male, and most people with this disorder are women. C. Jahir's symptoms subsided after only two weeks. D. Jahir only lost the ability to move his right hand.