The learned helplessness approach to explaining depression can be shown in
animals in what is essentially an experiment in
(a) the perception of pain
(b) operant conditioning, but where the normal escape response is prevented
(c) classical conditioning, in which the stimulus for depression is paired with
extinction trials
(d) prepared learning, where the animal is not prepared to learn the key
response and freezes
B
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International data on average life expectancy can be best described by which of the following statements? a. Life expectancy in various populations worldwide is surprisingly similar
b. Countries around the world differ dramatically in average life expectancy. c. Environmental factors play more of a role in life expectancy than genetics do. d. The lowest average life expectancy in developing countries is 62 years.
According to James Marcia, adolescent identity can be classified into one of four statuses that are based on the key issues of
a. crisis and commitment. b. commitment and conscientiousness. c. conscientiousness and comparison. d. comparison and crisis.