What is the equation for constraint EF?

The Principal of Substitution, which states that no one will pay more for one item if an equally substitutable item is available at a lower price, applies to what appraisal methods?

a. Sales Comparison only b. Sales Comparison, replacement cost, and income c. Income only d. Replacement cost and Sales Comparison only

________ is concerned with the nature and degree of association between variables and does not imply or assume any causality

A) Regression analysis B) Analysis of variance C) Deviation analysis D) F-test E) Functional linear analysis