PTSD: Etiology
What will be an ideal response?
Cognitive / learning
May represent classically conditioned fear response
Develop irrational associations with stimuli
Interpret as current threat
Expectation
Social
Social support / positive coping strategies protective
Lack of consistent social support may lead to symptoms
Physiological
Higher neurological arousal increases the probability of conditioning
Prolonged stress leads to neurochemical changes which leads to new symptoms ... or enhances existing symptoms
Neuroimaging findings
Conditioning: medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, hippocampus
Vulnerability: amygdala
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Prenatal exposure to X-rays is associated with
a. leukemia. c. deformed limbs. b. cerebral palsy. d. blindness.
Paula is interested in finding out whether infants can distinguish between bitter and salty tastes. What would be the most effective way to investigate her question?
a. Ask adults when they first remembered eating something bitter and something salty. b. Repeatedly present one taste — either bitter or salty — and see whether infants habituate to it. c. Observe infants' facial expressions or head movements to see whether they respond differently to bitter and salty tastes. d. Use infants or toddlers who are old enough to answer questions about how things taste.