How do directionality and the third variable problem hamper our assessment of causation?
What will be an ideal response?
Directionality refers to an inability to see which of two variables is the cause and which is the effect. The third variable problem refers to the fact that, even though two variables are correlated, a third variable might be the cause. In correlational studies, we cannot logically tell the direction of causation; we also may not be able to spot a third variable that might really be causal.
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A) subjective motivation B) external motivation C) critical ethnography D) positivism
A measure of variation that looks at the upper limit in a distribution minus the true lower limit is?
A. IQR B. range C. variance D. standard deviation