In an example reported in your text, a man was trapped behind a refrigerator and nearly suffocated. Subsequently, he has a phobia of tight, enclosed spaces and is afraid to ride on small, crowded elevators. However, he has no fear of large, uncrowded elevator rides. The man's fear of small elevators is an example of , and his lack of fear toward large elevators is an example of

All of the following are factors that contribute to young children's failure to use prior planning to solve problems EXCEPT

a. young children may believe that they don't need an explicit plan to solve a problem. b. planning is hard work that young children may not be willing to invest in. c. planning requires encoding processes, which young children don't possess. d. young children may expect parents and adults to solve complex problems for them.

Misaki feels terrible after just failing an exam in Spanish class. Now, in chemistry class, her lab partner just left the answers to the homework open on her desk while she steps into the hall to take a phone call. How is Misaki likely to behave?

a. She's likely to look at the answers and copy them down for herself. b. She's likely to look away from the answers and do her own work. c. She's likely to point out one of her partner's math mistakes. d. She's likely to tell the instructor that the answers are available.