If firms in an industry are generating knowledge that other firms can use without paying for it, this industry is characterized by
A) social costs that exceed private costs.
B) social benefits that exceed private benefits.
C) social costs that exceed social benefits.
D) private benefits that exceed social benefits.
E) social benefits that undermine private benefits.
B
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An indirect effect of an increase in the price level works through
A) changes in trade balances as domestic goods become more expensive, causing interest rates to move in the opposite direction from the change in the exchange rate. B) interest rates as people save more as the higher prices make their money balances less attractive. C) people substituting out of domestic goods and into foreign goods as exchange rates rise. D) interest rates as people borrow to maintain their money balances, bidding up interest rates and reducing total planned real expenditures.
Recently the largest form of international investment funds for developing countries has been
A) foreign direct investments. B) World Bank loans. C) portfolio investments. D) bank loans.