In Nigeria, high-stakes politics has meant that

a. authoritarian military governments have been the only ones able to make policy decisions in the nationalinterest

b. the establishment of non-partisan institutions and procedures has been a top priority for all regimes.
c. even excluding the civil war, political killings are a bigger problem in Nigeria than in most of the Third World.
d. nearly all people in positions of authority have used state power for their own benefit.
e. public employees are well paid to discourage corruption.

d