A substance that is a positive reinforcer
a. increases behavior by adding a positive reward.
b. decreases a behavior by adding a positive reward.
c. increases behavior by taking away something bad.
d. decreases behavior by taking away something bad.
e. is equally as powerful as a negative reinforcer.
Answer: a. increases behavior by adding a positive reward.
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Maxwell is working on a challenging "mind bender" that is asking him to connect nine dots using only four lines without taking his pencil off the paper. The nine dots are placed in three groups of three in a square-like formation. Maxwell works on the problem for about fifteen minutes before he realizes that he has been employing the same ineffective strategy. He is forgetting to consider the special circumstances of that particular problem. As soon as he does consider the special circumstances of that particular problem, he'll increase his chances of solving the problem. Until then, Maxwell will continue to experience _____
a) functional fixedness. b) the means-end analysis. c) the affirming the consequent phenomenon. d) a mental set.
In studies of infant reactions to the human voice, newborns generally
A) show minimal reaction to the human voice until the age of four months. B) prefer to listen to the voices of their mothers as opposed to voices of unfamiliar females. C) prefer to listen to the voices of their fathers as opposed to voices of unfamiliar males. D) cannot distinguish between their mother's voice and those of unfamiliar females.