What is another name for bottom-up processing?

Why was the research of Karl Lashley unique, when compared to those who had come before him in trying to understand the neurological processes involved in learning?

a. Lashley felt that the best time to learn was in adulthood, when the brain is fully formed, where other researchers felt the best time learn was in childhood, when the brain was still forming. b. Lashley strongly believed that learning occurs differently in men and women, and so his research was based entirely on observations of single sex groups of subjects. c. Lashley studied human beings exclusively, and did not spend time observing animal subjects. d. Lashley tried to determine what prevents us from learning instead of what helps us to learn.

Critics of the Implicit Association Test propose that the best way to validate the test is to observe people's

a. emotions. b. actual behavior. c. hands while typing. d. faces while taking the test.