Both nominal and ordinal scales have in common the mathematical property of

Ex post facto studies

A) can tell us nothing. B) have value in testing causal hypotheses. C) have value in generating causal hypotheses. D) are the only studies possible in clinical settings.

Which of the following represents a change in type of transnational and governmental contacts?

a. Less involvement by high-profile individuals b. A shift toward large hierarchical organizations such as the Catholic Church c. Increasing control by governments of large states d. Declining ability to penetrate states e. A shift toward loosely structured network organizations with little headquarters staff