Gender, sexual orientation, age, race, ethnicity, and group membership are all factors to consider when conducting a demographic audience analysis.

When listening to a speech, audience members may become distracted by a speaker's vocalized pauses (ums, ahs, and likes). These are also called:

A. disfluencies. B. artifacts. C. olfactics. D. chronemics.

Communication scholar Rebecca B. Rubin and her colleagues developed and validated the Interpersonal Communication Motives (ICM) scale based on the belief that people use interpersonal communication to express needs for

a. affection, pleasure, and escape. b. persuasion, affection, and escape. c. control, inclusion, and escape d. escape, relaxation, and pleasure. e . affection, inclusion, and control.