Which of the following can stimulate an increased respiratory rate when a flail chest is present?
1. Activation of deflation receptors
2. Activation of irritant receptors
3. Stimulation of J receptors
4. Pain and anxiety
a. 1, 3
b. 1, 4
c. 1, 2, 3
d. 1, 2, 3, 4
D
When a flail chest is present, pain and anxiety, stimulation of J receptors, and activation of deflation receptors and irritant receptors may all contribute to an increased respiratory rate.
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