A ______ is one proposal that policy analysts have developed to address the problem.

Which of the following threats to external validity happens when subjects receive unintended treatments?

a) reactive arrangements b) multiple treatment interference c) experimenter effects d) pretest sensitization

The substate level allows us to consider foreign policies that

a. bubble up from within a government. b. move from top to bottom. c. are initiated by the central government. d. are negotiated between governments.