In the case of Clever Hans, a teacher named Wilhelm von
Oster claimed that he had taught his horse arithmetic, including square roots. As it turns out, the horse was merely responding to subtle, unintentional physical signals being given by von Oster. This demonstrates which principle of critical thinking?
A) Extraordinary claims
B) Correlation vs. causation
C) Replicability
D) Occam's Razor
Answer: A
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Which of the following capabilities is listed in the text as an example of where a baby's goal-directed behavior comes from?
enhanced awareness of cause and effect memory for actions already completed understanding of other people's intentions All of the answers are correct.
Professor Bowden is in the middle of her lecture on marital
satisfaction when a student in the back interrupts her and says, "Dr. Phil doesn't agree with that theory!" Soon other students chime in to add fuel to the discussion. Professor Bowden just smiles and asks the original student to produce the research that Dr. Phil carried out to justify his statements. What lesson is Professor Bowden trying to teach? A) Information from the media is always inaccurate. B) One should never question a well-established theory. C) Always check the source of your information before you believe it. D) Secondary sources are just as reliable as primary sources.