Medical physicists use ionization chambers connected to electrometers to perform the annual standard measurements required by state, federal, and health care accreditation organizations for radiographic and fluoroscopic devices. These annual measurements include

1. x-ray output in Gy or mGy.
2. fluoroscopic radiation entrance rates in mSv/min.
3. kVp setting accuracy.
4. exposure time exactness.
5. half-value layers, or beam quality

a. 1, 2, and 3 only
b. 1, 3, and 4 only
c. 2, 3, and 5 only
d. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

d. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5