Perception is most affected in foreign policy by

Which of the following is a standard collective action problem that must be overcome for an interest group to promote or defend a shared interest?

a. there is a constitutional prohibition on unauthorized group activity. b. The inability to communicate on a large-scale basis because of the size of the country increases the coordination problems. c. Conformity costs are exceedingly low for such an activity, but the transaction costs of agreeing on goals can be quite high. d. Rational self-interest leads to universal free riding, which dooms the organization as well as the effort unless some way can be found around this difficulty.

Although it has appeared as though spending on foreign aid has ballooned since the turn of the millennium, compared to the 1980s and 1990s, the poorest countries in the developing world have not been the largest recipients of aid because ______.

A. developing countries’ economies have also grown B. aid as a share of recipients’ overall economies has not risen C. aid has become more targeted for specific countries D. military aid is also included in these data