Which one of the values below does not belong?

Elliptic curve arithmetic can be used to develop a variety of elliptic curve cryptography schemes, including key exchange, encryption, and ___________ .

Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).

John, a computer programmer at Winzet Inc., develops a new algorithm and explains it to his fellow programmers. He uses symbols and connecting lines to diagram a sequence of steps to help his colleagues understand the algorithm. Given this information, it can be inferred that John uses a _____ to explain the algorithm.

a. cause-and-effect diagram. b. run chart. c. Pareto chart. d. flowchart.