Whenever there is reason to think that taking the pretest may itself influence how participants react to the treatment, this design should be considered.

E.E. Schattschneider once wrote, "The flaw with the pluralist heaven is that it sings with an upper class accent." How do resource inequalities undermine the workings of the interest group system in America?

What will be an ideal response?

Karl, the voter who sits at the exact center of the political distribution, is referred to by political scientists as the __________ voter

a. marginal b. median c. mediocre d. menial