If the Federal Reserve sells $1,000 in bonds and the required reserve ratio is 0.1 (assume banks hold no excess reserves) what will be the total change in reserves at all banks?

Which of the following is (are) factors affecting the constant in gravity equation estimates?

I. tariffs and quotas II. customs' issues and finance and currency issues III. administrative barriers to trade a. I b. II c. III d. I, II, and III

If the price level rises, what will happen to the demand for reserves?

A. It will shift outward. B. It will shift inward. C. It will remain unchanged. D. It depends on what happens to interest rates.