Praise, awards, and good grades are all examples of _____
a) reciprocal reinforcement.
b) primary reinforcement.
c) partial reinforcement.
d) secondary reinforcement.
Answer: d
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One criticism of Freudian theory is that it
a. contains concepts that are difficult to operationalize. b. makes extensive use of intervening variables. c. ignores that fact that people's behavior varies from one situation to the next. d. does not view personality as a developing structure. e. neglects the unconscious aspects of motivation.
A model to understand the process that adolescents take to determine identity was developed by James Marcia. Four categories were developed that are based on two specific characteristics: ___________ and ________
a. crisis; commitment c. achievement; moratorium b. achievement; foreclosure d. foreclosure; diffusion