A voter who gauges a candidate based on her or his past performance is engaging in

A concurring opinion

a. is the list of justices who concurred with the majority opinion of the court. b. is written by a justice who concurs with the majority opinion but disagrees with the reasons advanced by the majority. c. is the opinion of the chief justice. d. is a Supreme Court opinion that concurs with a decision made by the Circuit Court of Appeals. e. is an opinion rendered according to the principle of stare decisis.

Following the breakup of the Soviet Union, Russia

a. employed economic "shock therapy" to transition to liberal democracy, which transformed Russia painfully but helped to reduce nationalism. b. rejected the economic "shock therapy" approach recommended by the IMF, pursuing instead a path of economic autocracy. c. employed economic "shock therapy" to transition to liberal democracy but quickly changed to a more gradual choice. d. attempted to change the political makeup to a more liberal democracy but did not renounce the planned economy of the Soviet state. e. failed to attempt the economic "shock therapy" recommended by the IMF and thus saw its economy self-destruct.