A(n) application system is the master controller for all the activities that take place within a computer system.

Which of the following is correct for opening a file and attaching it to a file named File.txt? Assume proper file inclusion and proper using directives.

a) ``` open(outStream, “File.txt”, ios::app) ``` b) ``` ifstream inStream; inStream.open(“File.txt”); ``` c) ``` ifstream inStream(“File.txt”); ``` d) ``` ofstream inStream; onStream.open(“File.txt”, ios::app); ``` e) ``` ifstream inStream(“File.txt”, ios::app); ```

Rules that are industry-wide agreements on how an operating system and hardware components should communicate are called _________________________.

Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).