Personality psychopathology is diagnosed during adolescence.

When a patient comes in complaining of a headache, the therapist views the headache as the tip of a mental iceberg, with the real problem hidden in the deep unconscious. Which type of therapy would this represent?

a. Psychoanalytic b. Behavioral c. Cognitive d. Existential

According to Freud, when can the use of defense mechanisms have adverse effects on a person's mental health?

a) any time defense mechanisms are used, they may be detrimental as a person should learn to face conflicts head on. b) when defense mechanisms are overused c) when defense mechanisms are under used, the person can experience stress, with negative consequences for health d) defense mechanisms are healthy methods of protecting the superego, and so they cannot have adverse effects on a person's mental health