When boys insist on doing things that are "boy's things" and avoid doing things that "girls do," what is happening?

Regarding associative learning, which of the following discovered classical conditioning?

a. Ivan Pavlov b. B. F. Skinner c. Edward Thorndike d. Albert Bandura

Is this a valid test?

. Point out to your students that this is actually a positive correlation as far as the validity is concerned. The only reason the negative sign appears is because in the ranking process, the highest score gets a 1 (a metrically low number) and the lowest score gets a 10 (a metrically higher number). Ask your students to rank order the test scores, and then again compute the Spearman, using only the two sets of ranks. At that point, that correlation of -.733 now has a positive sign. What will be an ideal response?