Refer to Table 9-5. If the required reserve ratio is 10% and the market interest rate is 8%, what is Bolton Bank's opportunity cost of holding the excess reserves it is currently holding?

Price discrimination occurs when:

a. firms maximize their profit by setting price equal to marginal cost. b. a seller charges different prices to different consumers of the same product or service. c. a seller charges the same price to consumers of a different product or service. d. a seller charges different prices to consumers, discriminating by race or gender of the consumer.

Which of the following reduced aggregate demand and thereby contributed to the crisis of 2008?

a. a rise in the value of the U.S. dollar b. falling housing and stock prices c. an increase in the real rate of interest d. optimism about future economic conditions