Which of the following scale patterns was new to twentieth-century Western classical music?

This realist French author wrote Madame Bovary:

a. Balzac b. Flaubert c. Dostoyevsky d. Dickens

The traditional interpretation of the meaning of Michelangelo's tombs for the Medici as the soul's ascent was influenced by ____

a. Protestantism b. Neoplatanism c. Scholasticism d. Orthodoxy