__________ is confidence in saying the observed change in the dependent variable is due to the independent variable

The annual shortfall between federal revenues and expenditures is known as which of the following?

a. the balance of payments b. the budget deficit c. the expenditure difference d. the public/national debt

What two types of powers does Congress have under Article I, section 8 of the U.S. Constitution?

a. enumerated; implied b. enumerated; suggested c. implied; explicit d. suggested; explicit