Hypoxemic respiratory failure results from which of the following causes? I. capillary shunting II. alveolar dead space III. low ventilation–perfusion abnormalities IV. high ventilation–perfusion abnormalities
A. I, II only
B. III, IV only
C. I, III only
D. I, II, III, IV only
ANS: D
A. Incorrect response: See explanation D.
B. Incorrect response: See explanation D.
C. Incorrect response: See explanation D.
D. Correct response: Hypoxemic respiratory failure is caused by ventilation–perfusion abnormalities ranging from capillary shunting to alveolar dead space. Between these two ventilation–perfusion extremes are low and high ventilation–perfusion ratios. Acute atelectasis and pneumonia exemplify shunt-producing diseases. Pulmonary embolism creates alveolar dead space units, and COPD causes an array of ventilation–perfusion abnormalities (i.e., low and high conditions).?
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