In observational epidemiology, the most common method of data collection used for evaluating the presence of psychological disorders is a(n)

Though easily confused, negative reinforcement and punishment are quite different. With negative reinforcement, behavior __________ when the aversive stimulus is ____________, and with punishment, behavior __________ when the aversive stimulus is ____________.

A. increases; removed; increases; introduced B. increases; removed; decreases; introduced C. decreases; removed; increases; introduced D. decreases; introduced; increases; removed

A researcher investigating the relationship between maternal distress and child conduct problems found that maternal distress was related to disciplinary strategies towards the child, which in turn were related to child conduct problems. In this study, disciplinary strategies are a ____

a. comorbid variable b. correlated variable c. mediator variable d. moderator variable