________ is a problem that occurs when one concludes that a change in variable X caused a change in variable Y when in actual fact, it is a change in variable Y that caused a change in variable X

Suppose a new employee is promised a pension payment of $8000 in the twenty-fourth year after joining the firm. The current pension contribution is $2000 a year. Assuming a six percent rate of return, this pension plan is said to be

A) fully funded. B) partly funded. C) unfunded. D) fully vested.

A firm that shuts down in the short run experiences losses equal to

A) zero. B) total variable costs. C) total fixed costs. D) total marginal costs.