A study of existing records is called ____________ research

Placebo effects (e.g., for clinical depression) tend to

a) Have small effects on psychological problems b) Be a little better than no treatment but for many people c) Produce powerful and dramatic effects d) Be very transient which is why active drugs work better

Theories that are concerned with the processes that underlie inferences of cause and effect are called:

a. attitude theories b. formation theories c. attribution theories d. facilitation theories