Which of the following is among the responsibilities that a president has?

Which of the following best describes the relationship between critical elections and party realignment?

a. A party realignment occurs before one or more critical elections and may involve a national crisis. b. A party realignment occurs during one or more critical elections and is characterized by gradual change. c. A party realignment occurs after one or more critical elections and is characterized by barely discernible demographic shifts. d. A party realignment occurs before one or more critical elections and may be characterized by gradual or dramatic change. e. A party realignment occurs after one or more critical elections in reaction to crucial developments, such as war or depression.

When a justice follows precedent, he or she is said to be employing the doctrine of ______.

Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).