“Countries have many parties only WHEN THEY EMPLOY PROPORTIONAL ELECTORAL RULES.” Are the conditions shown in capital letters sufficient or necessary to produce the effects described?

Thomas Patterson's observation that "today's presidential campaign is essentially a mass media campaign" suggests that __________

a. voters have very little understanding of the campaign apart from what they see and hear in the media b. the media exercise considerable influence over a vast number of citizens' votes c. campaigns are for the masses and are mediated by political elites d. the media control electoral outcomes

The current Texas Constitution is __________

a. excessively detailed b. very hard to amend c. surprisingly brief d. written in both Spanish and English