With regard to the three-stage model of memory suggested by Atkinson and Shiffrin, what has recent research found?

a. There are, in fact, more than three types of memory storage.
b. The model is very accurate, as supported by the fact that people with sensory impairment like blindness or deafness have memory systems that are far less reliable than those without such deficits.
c. Encoding is a process whose importance was overestimated by Atkinson and Shiffrin, since only information to which we consciously attend is actually encoded.
d. It is possible for information to make it into our long-term memory without going through the first two stages of the model.

Answer: D