What is the LAST stage in white identity development?

Couple violence is more likely to occur in any of the following situations EXCEPT

a. when a partner perceives a transgression or an affront that stimulates arousal and possibly anger. b. when a partner demands an account, and if the account is not accepted, the conflict likely escalates. c. when one partner perceives her or his behavior as appropriate, but the other does not. d. when a couple has the communication skills to defuse a dispute. e . when violence has occurred and is met with violence.

The text describes ________ messages as relying on the rules of grammar

A) verbal B) nonverbal C) semantic D) connotative