Todd is watching television. A character on a show is pretending to be nice to gain the trust of a group of friends. He then uses their trust to trick them into giving him information that he uses to exploit them. Later, Todd tells his mom, "that man was really nice, and he just wanted to know the same stuff as everyone else.". What age is Todd likely to be, given this comment?

Studies employing neurophysiological responses to measure temperament have found all of the following except

a. there are few differences between extremely shy and extremely bold children in heart rate reactivity to unfamiliar people and events b. inconsistent correlations exist between infants' temperament classification and levels of the stress hormone cortisol c. high reactive infants appear to be genetically predisposed to have a lower threshold for activation of the sympathetic nervous system d. compared to uninhibited children, inhibited children show greater pupilary dilation and larger changes in blood pressure in response to novel stimuli

Some procedures which measure reaction time are problematic in that they allow participants to become familiar with an apparatus or the given task

Which of the following can decrease the likelihood of confounds regarding the above issues? A) Using a quasi-experimental design B) Using a within-subjects design C) Using a functional design D) Using a tachistoscope in your design