When you use an alternative, acceptable reason to replace the actual, unacceptable reason for a behavior, you are using

Baillargeon's violation-of-expectation studies provided evidence that infants have some knowledge of object permanence

A) between 1½ and 2½ months. B) between 2½ and 3½ months. C) no earlier than 6 months. D) after 12 months.

Rather than engaging in conflict over toilet training, Erikson believed that the most important psychological issue for 1- to 3-year-olds was

a. expressing the desires of the id. b. developing a sense of trust. c. achieving some autonomy from parents. d. developing a sense of shame and doubt.