The best-known effect of smoking during the prenatal period is

Which of the following is NOT a step in means-end analysis?

a. Return to the first step. b. Identify the possible operators and select one that would reduce one of the differences. c. Compare the current state to the goal state and identify differences between them. d. If the differences are too large, replace the goal with a subgoal until the difference becomes manageable. e. If the operator can be applied, do so. Otherwise, set a new subgoal of reaching a state where the operator could be applied.

Two groups of grade-school children were randomly selected, and for one group, their teachers were told that they were "intellectual bloomers." At the end of several months, the "intellectual bloomers" scored higher on an IQ test

What did researchers conclude from this study? a) Teacher expectations can cause students to be perceived differently, and they respond in accordance with those expectations. b) Even though groups were randomly selected, there must have been a difference in IQ between the groups before the intervention. c) Teacher expectations don't make a difference in student performance. d) Some unknown third variable must explain the results.