In file hashing, a file is read by a special algorithm that uses the value of the bits in the file to compute a single number called the __________ value.

As public-key cryptography is computationally intensive and drains the battery of Barack's device, he comes up with an alternative approach. First, he shares a secret key k with Hillary but not with Bill. Next, together with a joke x, he sends over the value d = h(k||x), where h is a cryptographic hash function. Does value d provide assurance to Hillary that Barack is the author of x and that x

was not modified by Bill? Justify your answer. What will be an ideal response?

You just turned off a printer to maintenance it. What should you be careful of when removing the fuser?

a. The fuser releasing toner b. The fuser being wet c. The fuser being hot d. The fuser being fragile