Which type of reinforcement is most reflective of the conditions of real life?

Unpleasant physical or psychological effects that follow the discontinuance of a dependence-producing substance are ________

a. addiction b. a craving c. tolerance d. withdrawal

Psychodynamic psychotherapy differs from classical (Freudian) psychoanalysis in that it a. emphasizes the goal of personality reconstruction

b. requires a long-term commitment on the part of the person being analyzed. c. focuses on social and interpersonal issues. d. considers past experiences important.