What type of disordered conditioning did psychologist Diana Woodruff-Pak notice in patients six years before other tests on these patients showed signs of dementia?

Advanced topic: The value of the harmonic mean

A) is disproportionately influenced by smaller numbers (meaning, smaller sample sizes). B) is disproportionately influenced by larger numbers (meaning, larger sample sizes). C) is equidistant from both group sizes. D) cannot be determined without more information.

In the preceding question the independent variable is

a. stress. b. adrenaline. c. location. d. the number of children treated for sleep disturbance.