Sandra is suffering from major depression. She is convinced that she will always be unhappy and her life will never change. Which of the three elements of the depressive explanatory style does this illustrate?

Based on the research of Christina Maslach, it would seem that health-care workers may be prime candidates for job burnout. Individuals in this profession are LEAST likely to reduce the effects of this problem if their jobs are changed so that they

a. work as part of a team rather than handling all of their cases individually. b. have a chance to withdraw temporarily from high-stress situations. c. are allowed to spend more time in continuous contact with their clients. d. get some positive feedback for their efforts.

Enrico, a five-month-old infant, begins to cry, and shortly thereafter, his mother appears, picks him up, and soothes him. Later, when Enrico is alone in his crib, he cries again. Enrico's latter crying episode is an example of a ___

a. reflex b. secondary circular reaction c. tertiary circular reaction d. mental representation