Biases can influence research during the stage in which the hypothesis is formulated because
a. researchers may formulate their hypothesis using previous research that is actually unrelated to the idea they want to study.
b. this is the stage in which the interpretation of the data can be biased.
c. researcher expectancy is particularly likely to operate during this stage.
d. the formulation stage occurs at the end of the research process, when all these biases are especially powerful.
A
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