Demonstrate and understanding of operant conditioning by differentiating between positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment
What will be an ideal response?
Positive reinforcement involves giving a reward in order to increase the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring. Negative reinforcement involves taking away something unpleasant in order to increase the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring. Punishment is any consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring. It can involve giving something unwanted or taking away something wanted.
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Which of the following statements is illustrative of the post hoc fallacy?
A) Believing that because most professional athletes lift weights, weightlifting produces professional athletes B) Believing that because someone is muscular in body type, she is more likely to become a professional athlete C) Believing that because someone is specially trained, he is more likely to become a professional athlete D) Believing that because someone has benefited from the best coaching, she will have a good chance of becoming a professional athlete
How has Howard Becker's research contributed to our understanding of deviance?
A) It shows the important role of deviant subcultures in the maintenance of deviant identities. B) It explains away the relationship between primary and secondary deviance. C) It shows that some experiences, such as drug experiences, are not be influenced by social conditions. D) It proves that deviance occurs only in criminal subcultures.