As your textbook discusses, a statistician
once discovered that in one of the United States there was a negative correlation between the number of Ph.Ds granted and the number of mules in that state. The fact that you cannot then state that the number of Ph.Ds conferred causes the mule population to decrease demonstrates which principle of critical thinking?
A) Correlation vs. causation
B) Extraordinary claims
Incorrect. It is indeed extraordinary to believe that the number of mules in a state would be related to the number of Ph.Ds that are conferred, but this question demonstrates the problem of correlation versus causation.
C) Ruling out rival hypotheses
D) Falsifiability
Answer: A
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A major value of speech errors is that they
a. provide evidence that memory is typically a reconstructive process. b. suggest that attention is a highly selective process. c. show the importance of the law of effect in controlling behavior. d. provide insight into both the processes and representations that underlie fluent speech production.
Khalinda is sexually attracted to both men and women. Her sexual orientation would most likely be
a) lesbian. b) bisexual. c) transgender. d) gay.