Large expenses that are not part of the day-to-day operations of the city are known as capital improvements

Is this argument valid or invalid?

Political scientists have claimed that the link between culture and democracy is Major premise: If Catholicism is incompatible with democracy, then Catholic countries are more likely to be dictatorships than democracies. Minor premise: Catholic countries today are more likely to be democracies than dictatorships. Conclusion: Therefore, Catholicism is compatible with democracy. A. Valid B. Invalid

Deterrence refers to . . .

a. The use of force to defend a country after an attack b. The use of force to get another state to do something rather than to refrain from doing something c. The use of threatened retaliation through force to stop an attack before it occurs d. The use of threatened retaliation through force after an attack