An infant with MAS will show what clinical manifestations associated with the more negative intrapleural pressures needed during inspiration?

1. Seesaw breathing movement
2. Breath sounds reveal rhonchi and crackles
3. Expiratory grunting
4. Cyanosis of the dependent thoracic areas
a. 1, 4
b. 2, 3
c. 2, 3, 4
d. 1, 2, 3, 4

A
Clinical manifestations associated with the more negative intrapleural pressures needed during inspiration include, but are not limited to, seesaw breathing movement and cyanosis of the dependent thoracic areas. Chest assessment findings may include rhonchi and crackles for breath sounds because of meconium in the airways. If the neonate is hypoxic, he or she may display expiratory grunting. However, these last two findings are not directly associated with the more negative intrapleural pressures needed during inspiration.