Which of the following is NOT TRUE according to the 2-factor theory of avoidance learning?
a. the dog's fear is due to Pavlovian conditioning to the box
b. animals first learn to avoid and then to escape
c. the avoidance response demonstrates operant conditioning
d. negative reinforcement explains learning to jump over the barrier
Answer: b. animals first learn to avoid and then to escape
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What is a major obstacle that the elderly continue to face with regard to working?
a) The elderly don't have the stamina in their jobs that they had when they were younger. b) The elderly don't always have reliable transportation or a car to drive to their jobs. c) The elderly continue to face age discrimination. d) The working elderly lose tax advantages if they continue to work.
Developmental dyslexia involves
A) a genetic disorder. B) a difficulty in acquiring language skills. C) decreases in gray matter in many brain areas. D) a loss of cells in the magnocellular visual system. E) All of the above are correct.