Which type of purchase is most likely to increase the happiness of a person from the middle class?

Edward Tolman pioneered the study of cognitive processes in learning by designing experiments in which

a. conditioned reinforcers were used instead of primary reinforcers. b. one-to-one associations between stimuli and responses could not explain animals' behavior. c. animals' biological preparation to learn certain associations was experimentally manipulated. d. the operant chamber could be used to test animal cognitions.

Boys are ________ likely to be placed in special education classes

A) three times as B) half as C) twice as D) slightly less